Variations and possible source of potentially available phosphorus in a Chinese shallow eutrophic lake

Surface, overlying, and interstitial waters were collected at monthly intervals at three experimental stations in a shallow Chinese eutrophic lake (Lake Donghu) to assess the occurrence, distribution, and status of UV-sensitive phosphorus compounds (UVSP) and phosphatase hydrolyzable phosphorus (PHP), coupled with kinetics of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA). Orthophosphate (o-P) concentrations were generally the highest at Station 1, where chlorophyll a (chl a) was a function of o-P at temporal scale. The V-max/K-m of APA obtained by Michaelis-Menten approach paralleled the chlorophyll data at two stations. These facts imply that the development of phytoplankton may be attributed to APA induced by PHP. The potentially available UVSP and PHP peaked in interstitial, overlying, and surface water simultaneously sometimes in 1995 to 1996 and 1997 to 1999. It is postulated that they may arise from the bottom. UVSP peaked in interstitial water at the 12-16 cm layers in sediment cores. Moreover, in interstitial water, UV irradiation resulted in an elevated o-P concentration and decreased APA in a timeseries analysis. Therefore, the mechanism that APA involved in the process of photorelease of o-P was not demonstrated. UVSP is most likely a functional group of labile phosphorus distinct from the enzymatic substrate in this shallow eutrophic lake.

高分子固载钴酞菁的合成及其对硫醇氧化的催化性能

参考文献方法合成了4，4'，4"，4'"－四羧基钴酞菁，其红外与紫外谱图均与文献一致，元素分析结果与理论计算值相吻合。利用予辐照，共辐照接技方法合成了聚四氟乙烯－接－聚丙烯酰胺，并与二乙烯三胺经过胺交换反应得到了胺化的聚四氟乙烯－接－聚丙烯酰胺双功能载体，并用红外、元素分析的方法对胺交换前后的接技聚合物进行了初步表征。通过共辐照接技方法合成了聚四氟乙烯－接－聚苯乙烯共聚物，并利用N－氯甲基邻苯二甲酰亚胺对聚苯乙烯支链进行了氨甲基化反应，产物经红外，元素分析进行了表征。利用共辐照接技方法，使聚乙烯在溶胀状态下接技上了聚N－乙烯基氨基甲酸叔丁酯，经酸解，脱酸等反应合成出了聚乙烯－接－聚乙烯胺载体，对接技产物也用红外与元素分析进行了表征。此外，对聚乙烯－接－聚苯乙烯的：氨甲基化样品同样也用红外与元素分析做了表征。所合成的几种含氨基接技共聚物载体配位固载四羧基钴酞菁催化剂后，对硫醇的催化氧化都表现出了双功能的特性，在无外加无机碱的情况下便都具有一定的崔化活性。与四羧基钴酞菁相比，活性提高了5－10倍，较pVAm/CoPc<(SO_3Na)_4体系还有较大差距，与本组在柔水性载体硅胶上接技相应支链结构的高分子所得载体崔化剂活性相近。崔化剂的活性受溶剂影响较大，在DMF，甲醇这两个极性溶剂中载体催化剂无活性，在无水存在的情况下于非极性介质中（甲苯）活性很小甚至没有，有少量水时，载体催化剂便可达到水介质中的活性。小分子碱对载体催化剂活性有一定影响，在碱少时，小分子碱增加，崔化剂活性增大，但外加碱达一定量后，再增加小分子碱则活性反而下降。NH_2/Co的比值对催化剂活性有直接影响，随NH_2/Co值增加而增大，当此比值达一定值后(>10~3)，崔化活性便趋于恒定。底物浓度与崔化反应速度的关系遵守Michaelis-Menten动力学方程，其K_m，K_2值均与文献pVAm/CoPc/(SO_3Na)_4体系的K_m，K_2值相近，均相与非均相体系有着许多相似的特征。

研究活性污泥呼吸的动力学--确定污水处理的最佳设计和运转参数

本文以活性污泥的呼吸速率动力学为基础，它符合经典的Monod或Michaelis - Menten方程式。采用简单的开放式呼吸器，在短期分批实验中，对活性污泥过程的微生物活性和生物动力学参数进行了测定。研究表明，氧吸收速率与基质的去除速率具良好的相关性。可以通过测定几个呼吸图来迅速获取活性污泥过程的生物动力学参数-最大吸氧速率（u°_(max))、半速浓度常数（K°_s）、产量因子（y）、活的生物量（x）从而更直接确定微生物的活性和存活力及其废水可生化性，推算微生物生长速率和基质的利用能力。由于吸氧速率图对废水的毒性和冲击负荷具有快速的反映，从而能预测进水的水质情况并进行连续BOD监测，为处理厂的调控作出预报。可以认为，活性污泥的氧吸收速率在废水处理厂的设计与运行过程中具有多功能效应和广阔的应用潜力。

白腐菌选择性降解木质素的研究

对15株白腐真菌进行了以玉米秸秆为基质的初步筛选，从中获得一株选择性系数较高的菌株Y10，并对其降解玉米秸秆的情况进行了研究。结果表明，在30天的培养过程中菌株Y10对玉米秸秆降解的选择性系数都大于1，第15天选择性系数最高为3.88。对未经降解和降解过的玉米秸秆分别作了紫外光谱和红外光谱分析，结果表明，经该菌降解后玉米秸秆的化学成分发生了很大变化，且木质素的降解程度要大于纤维素的降解程度。对菌株Y10进行了ITS-5.8S rDNA序列鉴定，初步判定其为Cerrena sp.。 为了考查不同的外源添加物对菌株Y10降解玉米秸秆的影响，在以玉米秸秆为基质的固态发酵培养基中分别添加了7种金属离子、8种碳源、6种氮源。结果显示，这7种金属离子均能促进木质素的降解，并且一定浓度的某些离子明显抑制纤维素的降解；其中添加0.036%的MnSO4·H2O和0.36%的MgSO4·7H2O对纤维素降解的抑制作用比较强，降解率分别为0.96%和1.31%，木质素的选择性系数分别达到了34.40和20.17。8种碳源中除麦芽糖外都能促进木质素的降解，除微晶纤维素外都明显促进纤维素的降解。6种氮源中酒石酸铵、硫酸铵、草酸铵和氯化铵的添加都会使该菌生长变慢，而且氮源浓度越高菌丝生长越慢。外加碳源和金属离子对半纤维素降解和选择性系数的影响不大。 同时对菌株Y10在液态培养下产木质素降解酶的条件和培养基做了优化。结果表明，在初始产酶培养基中，菌株Y10的漆酶酶活在第10d达到最高，锰过氧化物酶酶活在第11d达到最高，基本上检测不到木质素过氧化物酶。菌株Y10产漆酶的最适温度为32℃，最适PH为6.0；产锰过氧化物酶的最适温度为32℃，最适PH为6.5。菌株Y10产漆酶的最佳碳源为甘露糖，最佳氮源为酒石酸铵，最适诱导剂VA浓度为3 mmol/L，最适表面活性剂TW-80浓度为1%。 利用响应面法对其产漆酶的培养基进行优化，优化后的培养基配方为葡萄糖10.00 g/L，酒石酸铵0.50 g/L，大量元素296.50 ml/L，微量元素100.00 ml/L，NTA 1.40 g/L，VA 5.00 mmol/L，吐温-80加入量为0.10%。进行了菌株Y10产漆酶的验证实验，实测酶活为5282.56 U/L，与预测酶活5162.73 U/L接近。在优化后培养基中，菌株Y10在第14 d达到生长的最高峰，第20 d时，漆酶酶活最高，为11325.00 U/L；第16 d时，锰过氧化物酶酶活最高，为30.77 U/L。 对菌株Y10的漆酶酶学性质做了初步的研究，结果显示，酶反应的最适温度为40℃-65℃，最适PH为3.0。在40℃，PH=3.0时，漆酶催化ABTS反应的米氏方程为 。 Fifteen white-rot fungi based on corn stalk were screened. One white-rot fungus Y10 with high selectivity value was obtained. The degradation of corn stalk was initially studied. The results indicated that the selectivity value was above 1 during the 30 day-cultivation and the highest was 3.88 after 15 days. The composition of untreated and treated stalk was analyzed through ultraviolet spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the composition of treated stalk was greatly altered and the degree of the degradation of lignin is greater than the cellulose. Y10 was identified as Cerrena sp. by ITS -5.8S rDNA sequence analysis. The influence of metal ions, carbon sources and nitrogen sources on corn stalk degradation by white-rot fungus was studied. While all seven metal ions could promote lignin degradation, the cellulose degradation was best inhibited at certain ion concentrations. Notably, when 0.036% MnSO4·H2O and 0.36% MgSO4·7H2O were added into the medium, the cellulose degradation was restrained to the extents that the coefficients of lignin selectivity rose to 34.40 and 20.17 respectively. It was also found that all carbon sources except maltose can promote lignin degradation. The addition of carbon sources other than microcrystalline cellulose significantly promoted cellulose degradation. The addition of the nitrogen sources, ammonium tartrate, ammonium sulfate, oxalate, ammonium chloride, resulted in remarkable inhibition to mycelium growth; the larger the concentrations of nitrogen sources are, the slower the mycelium grew. The addition of carbon sources and metal ions had less impact on the degradation of hemicellulose and selectivity value. Meanwhile, we optimized the conditions and culture medium of the lignin-degrading enzyme production of strain Y10. The results showed that in the initial culture medium, the Lac activity was highest at the 10th day, the MnP activity was highest at the 11th day and the LiP could not be detected. The optimum condition of Lac was at temperature 32 and PH =6.0 and the optimum condition of MnP was at temperature 32 and PH =6.5. The optimum carbon source for Lac was seminose, the optimum nitrogen source was ammonium tartrate, the optimum content of VA was 3 mmol/L, the optimum content of TW-80 was 1%. PB and RSM were used to optimize the culture medium of laccase by white-rot fungus Y10. The optimum culture medium was consist of glucose 10.00 g/L, ammonium tartrate 0.50 g/L, macro elements 296.50 ml/L, trace elements 100.00 ml/L, NTA 1.40 g/L, VA 5.00 mmol/L, TW-80 0.10%. Under the optimal conditions, the activity of laccase was 5282.56 U/L and the experimental value agreed with the predicted value 5162.73 U/L. The biomass was highest at the 14th day, the Lac activity was highest at the 20th day, the MnP activity was highest at the 16th day. The results of the studies on the characteristics of Lac showed that the optimum temperature for Lac activity is 40℃-65℃ ; the optimum PH for Lac activity is 3.0 and under 40℃，PH=3.0, the Michaelis-menten equation of Lac catalized ABTS oxidation was .

气象条件对长白山阔叶红松林CO_2通量的影响

利用涡动相关技术观测资料和同步的气象要素监测资料,探讨了温度、光合有效辐射和空气饱和差对长白山阔叶红松林生态系统CO2通量的影响,结果表明,白天CO2通量主要受光合有效辐射的制约,二者符合Michaelis-Menten方程,同时空气饱和差也有一定的影响,空气越干燥,光合吸收能力下降越明显,这种敏感性在6月较显著.该生态系统的暗呼吸强度主要受土壤温度的影响,二者符合指数关系,另外,土壤温度对暗呼吸的影响还与季节有关,在相同土壤温度下,4~7月的呼吸强度比8~11月的高.日净碳交换与日平均气温符合指数关系.通过CO2通量和温度,光合有效辐射的年度变化规律发现,森林生态系统碳交换的季节变化是温度和光照综合作用的结果,其中6月份碳汇强度最大,7,8月次之,全年的净碳吸收量为?184gC·m?2.

鼎湖山常绿针阔叶混交林CO_2通量估算

鼎湖山通量站是中国通量网络(ChinaFLUX)中4个森林站之一,采用开路涡度相关方法,对南亚热带常绿针阔叶混交林进行生态系统尺度的CO2通量长期定位观测．利用2003,2004年2整年观测资料,分析该生态系统CO2通量时间变化特征及其受环境因子的制约关系．通过坐标转换、WPL订正和质量控制后,发现本通量站存在明显的夜间泄漏问题,因此采用Michaelis-Menten模型,利用白天(PAR>1．0μmol-1Photons·m-2·s-1)湍流充分条件-F(u*>0．2m·s-1)的通量资料,逐月拟合净

东北地区大豆鼓粒期光合特性的研究

用LI-6400光合测定系统对东北地区大豆鼓粒期叶片光合速率对光合有效辐射通量密度的响应特征和晴天光合速率、光能利用率、水分利用率等特性的日变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,光合速率对光合有效辐射通量密度的响应特征遵循Michaelis-Menten方程,在自然光条件下,上下两层叶片综合考虑,最大光合速率平均为37.25μmolm-2s-1,表观初始量子效率平均为0.0376。在晴天,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度以及光合有效辐射通量密度、环境温度随时间的变化可以用正弦函数模拟,但其峰值出现的时间不同,光合速率

Organic-phase enzyme electrode for phenolic determination based on a functionalized sol-gel composite

An amperometric biosensor for monitoring phenols in the organic phase was constructed by the silica sol-gel immobilization of tyrosinase on a glassy carbon electrode. The organic-inorganic hybrid materials with different sol-gel precursors and polymers were optimized, and the experimental conditions, such as the effect of the solvent, operational potential and enzyme loading were explored for the optimum analytical performance of the enzyme electrode. The biosensor can reach 95% of steady-state current in about 18 s, and the trend in the sensitivity of different phenols is as follows: catechol > phenol >p-cresol. In addition, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constants (K-m(app)) and the stability of the enzyme electrode were discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

A selenium-containing catalytic antibody with type I deiodinase activity

Acting as a mimic of type I deiodinase (DI), a selenium-containing catalytic antibody (Se-4C5) prepared by converting the serine residues of monoclonal antibody 4C5 raised against thyroxine (T-4) into selenocysteines, can catalyze the deiodination of T-4 to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T-3) with dithiothreitol (DTT) as cosubstrate. Investigations into the deiodinative reaction by Se-4C5 revealed the relationship between the initial velocity and substrate concentration was subjected to Michaelis-Menten equation and the reaction mechanism was ping-pong one. The kinetic properties of the catalytic antibody were a little similar to those of DI, with K-m values for T-4 and DTT of approximately 0.8 muM and 1.8 mM, respectively, and V-m value of 270 pmol per mg protein per min. The activity could be sensitively inhibited by PTU with a K-i value of approximately 120 muM at 2.0 muM of T-4 concentration, revealing that PTU was a competitive inhibitor for DTT, (C) 2001 Academic Press.

Self-gelatinizable copolymer immobilized glucose biosensor based on Prussian Blue modified graphite electrode

A novel poly(vinyl alcohol) grafting 4-vinylpyridine self-gelatinizable copolymer was adapted to immobilize glucose oxidase. The reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was detected at a Prussian Blue (PB) modified graphite electrode. A stable and sensitive glucose amperometric biosensor is described. The copolymer is a good biocompatible polymer in which the glucose oxidase retains high activity. Moreover, the copolymer can adhere firmly to the inorganic PB membrane. The sensor showed an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant of 18 +/- 0.2 mM and a maximum current density of 1.14 mu A cm(-2) mM(-1). The linear range is from 5 mu M to 4.5 mM glucose and the detection limit is 0.5. mu M glucose. The catalytic efficiency of PB for the reduction of H2O2 is higher than that for the oxidation of H2O2. Glucose concentrations in serum samples from healthy persons and diabetic patients were determined using the sensor. The results compared well with those provided by the hospital using a spectroscopy method.

The effect of substrate and solvent properties on the response of an organic phase tyrosinase electrode

The responses of a cryohydrogel tyrosinase enzyme electrode to four substrates in three pure water immiscible organic solvents were investigated. Kinetic parameters, the maximum kinetic current, I-max, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, K-m(app), and I-max/K-m(app), were calculated. The I-max/K-m(app) value was taken as an indicator of the catalytic efficiency of the sensor. The effect of the substrate hydrophobicity on I-max/K-m(app) and response time of the sensor were discussed. The effects of both hydrophobicity (log P) and dielectric constant (epsilon) of the organic solvent on the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme in the organic phase were studied. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.

Hydrazines probe of interaction of horseradish peroxidase with cryo-hydrogel

The interaction between horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the cryo-hydrogel was probed by using hydrazines which show high specificity of the reaction of the edge in the prosthetic heme of horseradish peroxidase. For comparison, the interaction of hydrazine with the horseradish peroxidase adsorbed on graphite electrode was also carried out by using steady-state response of the enzyme electrode and cyclic voltammetry. In order to obtain a proper explanation of the kinetic parameters for the enzymatic reaction, the theoretical expressions of I-max and K-M' in the Michaelis-Menten equation for the experimental system were provided. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

A comparison of electrocatalytic ability of various mediators adsorbed onto paraffin impregnated graphite electrodes for oxidation of reduced nicotinamide coenzymes

Twelve mediators have been modified by adsorption onto the paraffin impregnated graphite electrodes (IGE). The resulting electrodes exhibit electrocatalytic activity of different degrees towards oxidation of 1,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The electrocatalytic ability of the chemically modified electrode (CME) depends mainly on the formal potential and molecular structure of mediator. The formation of the charge transfer complex between NADH and adsorbed mediator has been demonstrated by the experiments using a rotating disk electrode. An electrocatalytic scheme obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics has been confirmed, and some kinetic parameters were estimated. The solution pH influences markedly the electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrode. Various possible reasons are discussed.

五种红树植物光合产量模型及对环境因子的响应

以木榄（Bruguiera gymnorriza）、白骨壤（Avicennia marina）、桐花树（Aegiceras corniculata）、秋茄（Kandelia candel）和海漆（Excoecaria agallocha）为对象，以光合作用对环境因子的响应为主线，建立了从叶片水平到群体冠层水平上的光合产量模型，探讨了从器官、个体到群体的光合产量对环境因子响应的定量关系。 将Farquhar提出的单叶片光合作用生理生化模型与气孔导度B-B模型相结合，建立了光合作用－气孔导度耦合模型。模型模拟结果与实际测量结果具有较好的一致性。在温度为25.0℃，光合有效辐射为1000μmol•m-2s-1 的条件下，当外部CO2浓度倍增到720μmol•mol-1时，白骨壤、木榄、桐花树、秋茄、海漆的光合速率分别提高22.56%，17.13%，18.43%，18.63%和18.41%。在大气CO2浓度和光合有效辐射通量密度不变的条件下，光合作用速率对温度的响应呈单峰型曲线，即有一个最适温度，5种红树植物的最适温度值均为26.5℃左右。大气CO2浓度和温度固定不变（分别为350μmol•mol-1和25.0 ℃）时，光合作用对光合有效辐射的响应符合Michaelis-Menten反应曲线，模型在PAR<1800μmol•m-2s-1时模拟精度较高（P<0.01）。 在典型晴天条件下，5种红树植物的光合速率日变化都出现两个极大值（分别在11时和15时左右），中午前后光合速率较低，模型模拟光合速率日变化与实测数值日变化趋势一致。本模型能较好地模拟5种红树植物光合产量以及对环境因子的响应，模拟预测精度较高（P<0.01）。 以Ross和Nilson叶倾角分布模型为基础，分别建立了直接辐射和散射辐射在冠层内传输的子模型。冠层内的消光系数均有明显的日变化，且上午8时之前和下午16时之后随时间变化较大。在典型晴天条件下，单位土地面积日合成干物质总量（折合为CH2O）白骨壤为15.840g•m-2d-1，对于木榄、桐花树、秋茄、海漆其相应的值分别为 22.254 g•m-2d-1， 23.610 g•m-2d-1，24.525 g•m-2d-1和25.996 g•m-2d-1 。